Ancient world

King of Macedon from 336 to 323 BC

Mauryan emperor from 269 to 232 BCE

Roman general and dictator (100–44 BC)

Pharaoh of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC

Roman emperor from 27 BC to AD 14

Cradle of civilization in North Africa

Bronze Age civilisation in South Asia

Ancient Mesopotamian civilization from 3300 to 1900 BC

Ancient Semitic maritime civilization

Greek civilization from 1200 BC to 600 AD

Country in East Asia

Roman civilisation from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD

Ancient Iranian empire, 550–330 BC

Chinese philosopher (c. 551 – c. 479 BCE)

Ancient Indian empire (c. 3rd century CE – 575 CE)

Imperial dynasty in China (202 BC – 220 AD)

Greek philosopher (c. 470–399 BC)

Roman statesman and lawyer (106–43 BC)

Mesoamerican civilization (c. 2000 BC – 1697 AD)

Continuation of the Roman Empire (330–1453)

1st-century-BC Roman poet

Greek mathematician and physicist (c. 287 – 212 BC)

1st-century Jewish preacher and religious leader

Megacity and union territory of India

City in the Southern Levant

Capital of England and the United Kingdom

Capital and largest city of France

Capital and largest city of Italy

Period in ancient Egyptian history (c. 2686–2181 BC)

Reunified ancient Egypt (c. 2000-1700 BC)

Period in ancient Egyptian history (c. 1570–1069 BC)

Hellenistic-era Greek state in Egypt (305–30 BC)

Necropolis in ancient Egypt

Polity in Africa and Arabia before 960

Phoenician city-state and empire

Wars between Rome and Carthage (264–146 BC)

Ancient kingdom in Nubia, Africa

Ancient trading confederation in the Horn of Africa (2500 BCE – 980 BCE)

Earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization

Ancient Iranian kingdom (c. 323 BC – 226 AD)

Ancient state in the Caucasus

Ancient pre-Iranian civilization between 3200 and 539 BC

Ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli

Ancient Iranian people

Iranian empire (247 BC – 224 AD)

Last pre-Islamic Iranian empire (224–651 AD)

? – 108 BC state in East Asia

Chinese dynasty

Period in Chinese history from 420 to 589

Chinese dynasty (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC)

First imperial dynasty in China (221–206 BC)

Period in Chinese history (c. 770 – c. 481 BCE)

Traditional first dynasty in Chinese history

Eurasian steppe confederation (3rd c. BC – 1st c. AD)

Chinese dynasty from c. 1046 to 256 BC

Greek sculptor, painter and architect (c.480–430 BC)

Chinese poet (c.340–278 BCE)

Chinese poet (365–427)

Classical Athenian comic playwright (c. 446 – c. 386 BC)

Roman lyric poet (65–8 BC)

Early Germanic people

480 BC engagement of the Greco-Persian Wars

Macedonian Greek royal family which ruled Egypt

War between Athens and Sparta (431–404 BC)

Series of conflicts in the 5th century BC

War between Rome and Carthage, 218 to 201 BC

490 BC battle in the Greco-Persian Wars

Naval battle between Octavian and Mark Antony/Cleopatra (31 BC)

Roman defeat by Germanic tribes in 9 AD

480 BC naval battle of the Greco-Persian Wars

Largest battle of the Second Punic War (216 BC)

War between Rome and Carthage (264–241 BC)

5th–8th-century nomadic confederation in Central Asia

Major battle of the Wars of Alexander the Great (331 BC)

War between Rome and Carthage (149–146 BC)

Battles for succession to rule the Roman Empire (AD 69)

58–50 BC conflict between Rome and Gallic tribes

People of the ancient Near East

Part of the Hunnic invasion of the Roman province of Gaul

Conflagration in Ancient Rome (AD 64)

Final battle of the Second Punic War (202 BC)

Chinese imperial dynasty from 9 to 23 AD

73–71 BCE Roman slave rebellion

1274 BC Egyptian-Hittite battle

333 BC battle between Alexander the Great and Darius III

Land battle during the second Persian invasion of Greece (479 BC)

Battle between Eastern Roman Empire and Goths (378)

Christian Arab tribe

Part of the Gallic Wars

Part of the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great

Indigenous people of Colombia

Battle during the expansion of Macedonia

Part of the Roman–Parthian Wars

War in the Roman Republic (49–45 BC)

Dynasty of Hellenistic kings

Dynasty of Judea (140–37 BC)

Royal dynasty in Mesopotamia

Battle fought between Alexander the Great and the Achaemenids

Nomadic Iranian peoples of Saka and Scythian origin

South Indian dynasty (275–897)

Part of Caesar's Civil War (48 BC)

Ancient South Arabian kingdom

Three wars between the Roman Republic and the Samnites in Central Italy, 343–290 BC

312 AD battle in the Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy

217 BC battle of the Second Punic War

Conflicts between Rome and various Greek kingdoms (214–148 BC)

Ancient Tamil dynasty of South India

Para-Mongolic ancient people

Military rebellions by Greek cities in Asia Minor against Persian rule (499 BC–493 BC)

Ancient Greek war (395–387 BC)

Disease outbreak (165–180 CE)

Arab monarchy (c. 268–602)

First major battle of the Second Punic War

First dynasty of the Macedonian Kingdom

War between Rome and its Italian allies

Japanese imperial family

Peasant revolt against the Eastern Han dynasty

Dynastic era in China (c. 1046 – 771 BC)

AD 193 in the Roman Empire

Greek state during the Hellenistic period

Battle of the Roman civil war

Thebes' victory against Sparta in 371 BC

Siege and sack of Rome by the Visigoths

Conflicts between Rome and Pontus (88–63 BC)

Battle that decisively ended Xerxes's invasion of Greece (479 BC)

Bantu ethnic group

Battle between Egypt and Canaanite rebels

Battle on the Yangtze River (208 AD)

301 BC battle of the Wars of the Diadochi in Phrygia (modern Turkey)

Volcanic eruption in Italy

197 BC Roman victory in the Second Macedonian War

War between Rome and the Seleucid Empire, 192–188 BC

Chinese ruling dynasty from 420 to 479

War between Rome and Macedonia, 200–197 BC

394 AD battle between Theodosius and Eugenius

260 Sasanian victory over Rome

Battle of the Third Macedonian War in 168 BC

War fought by Pyrrhus of Epirus in Italy and Sicily against Rome and Carthage

Chinese ruling dynasty from 479 to 502

101–106 AD pair of Roman wars against Dacia

War between Rome and Macedonia, 214–205 BC

2nd-century BC war between the Kingdom of Numidia and the Roman Republic

190/89 BCE battle in which Rome and Pergamon defeated the Seleucids

166–180 AD series of Roman wars with Danubian tribes

Conflict between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom

War fought in Greece in 323–322 BCE

Series of revolts by the Jews against the Roman Empire between 66 and 135 AD

British tribe of the Iron Age and Roman era

Part of the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC

Eighth ruling dynasty of Magadha (73–28 BCE)

Major volcanic eruption around 1600 BC

Battle between Carthaginian and Romans forces in 218 BC

By the Macedonians under Alexander the Great

Founding house of the Sasanian Empire (224–651)

401 BC battle between Cyrus the Younger and Artaxerxes II

Ruling dynasty of ancient Armenia from 189 BC to 12 AD

Naval battle of the First Punic War; possibly the largest in history

Dynasty that ruled Armenia from 12 to 428

War between Rome and Macedonia, 171–168 BC

Naval battle in the Peloponnesian War

AD 83 Roman victory in modern Scotland

Pre-Roman tribe, namesake ancestors of the Basques

Wars in the Mediterranean, 229–168 BC

Pandemic in the Roman Empire (AD 249–262)

Second half of the Zhou dynasty (c. 770 – 256 BC)

Final battle of Caesar's Civil War in present-day southern Spain, 45 BC

Conflicts of Alexander the Great (336–323 BC)

Battle between Gauls and Roman Republic, c. 387 BC

430 BC epidemic in Athens, Greece

Battle of Caesar's civil war (46 BCE)

275 BC Battle of the Pyrrhic war

Battle between Christian Armenians and the Sasanian Empire (451 CE)

4th-century BC conflict between the Roman Republic and neighboring Latin peoples of Italy

Battle in 280 BC between the Romans and Pyrrhus of Epirus

5th-century internal battle in the Hunnic Empire

Conflict between Rome and Germanic & Celtic tribes (113–101 BCE)

44 BC murder in Rome

Republican tribe confederacy in Iron-Age India

Part of the Wars of Alexander the Great

Ancient Yemeni kingdom

Series of conflicts between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic and Roman Empire

Conflict between the Roman Empire and various Gothic tribes

Sack of Rome by the Vandals (455)

War between Rome and Pontus, 89–85 BC

Naval battle in 260 BC

Wars between Alexander the Great's successors

Ancient Roman slave rebellion (135–132 BCE)

Ancient Mesopotamian civilization from 3300 to 1900 BC

Battle during the Cimbrian War (105 BC)

Battle between the Goths and the Romans under Emperor Gallienus (268/269)

Naval battle between Carthage and Rome in 241 BC

Iranian empire (247 BC – 224 AD)

4th century state in northern China

Ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka in India

British 6th-century battle

Battle of the Syrian Wars (217 BC)

Ancient battle in the region of Syria

Royal family of the Seleucid Empire

261 BCE conflict in ancient India

Military campaigns in 55 and 54 BC

279 BC battle of the Pyrrhic War

Constantine I's victory over Licinius

207 BC battle during the Second Punic War

206 BC Second Punic War Roman victory in Spain

Prehistoric landslide off Norway

Battle fought in AD 357

Battle between Romans and Gothic and Scythian tribesmen (251)

War between Mark Antony and Octavian, 32–30 BC

Naval battle during the Ionian Revolt (494 BC)

Former tribal state in Korea

Main engagement of the Third Punic War

Battle between Egypt and Judah

262 BC naval battle between Carthage and Rome

Battle between the Roman Republic and the Kingdom of Pontus (47 BC)

Battle of the Sicilian Wars

Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (303–313)

Mid-10th Century BCE conquest of the Shang by Predynastic Zhou

Indo-Scythian rulers of western and central India (35-415 CE)

69 BC battle between Rome and Armenia

Roman civil war after Caesar's assassination (43–42 BC)

Conflict dispute between the Franks and the Alamanni

14th-century BCE Mediterranean shipwreck

Battle between warlords Cao Cao and Yuan Shao (200)

480–479 BC phase of the Greco-Persian Wars

War between Rome and Mithridates, 73–63 BC

249 BC Carthaginian naval victory in the First Punic War

Helvetii v. Rome, Gallic Wars, 58 BC

Battle during the Cimbrian War (102 BC)

Jewish Arabian tribe that lived in Medina

Battle during the Cimbrian War (101 BC)

Battle of the Assyrian conquest of Aram in 853 BC

Celtic tribe between modern-day Anglia and the Thames Estuary

Second ruling dynasty of Magadha (413–345 BCE)