The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey was the mass expulsion of approximately 1,221,489 Greek Orthodox from Asia Minor, Eastern Thrace, the Pontic Alps and the Caucasus, and 355,000–400,000 Muslims from Greece. Most of these people were forcibly made refugees and de jure denaturalized from their homelands. It stemmed from the "Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations" signed at Lausanne, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923, by the governments of Greece and Turkey.