Jansenism was a 17th- and 18th-century Christian theological movement within the Catholic Church, rooted in the writings of Dutch bishop Cornelius Jansen, particularly in his book Augustinus published in 1640, which emphasized the necessity of divine grace and the limited role of human free will in salvation, drawing heavily on the doctrines of Augustine of Hippo. It emerged primarily in France and the Netherlands as a rigorist reaction against perceived moral and theological laxity associated particularly with the Society of Jesus.