Dada or Dadaism was an international art movement that developed in the context of World War I and its aftermath and the Futurist movement. Dada was first established in Zürich, Switzerland, with the publication of Hugo Ball's Dada Manifesto in 1916. Ball is seen as the founder of the Dada movement. The manifesto explains that Dada is at its core contradictory and rejects the traditions of art. Dada protested the horrors of World War I by rejecting tradition and embracing absurdism, satire, and radical ideas. Dada is often associated with the anti-art movement, with artists like Marcel Duchamp even going as far as embracing the term “anti-art.” Hugo Ball also co-founded the Cabaret Voltaire nightclub in Zürich with poet Emmy Hennings, which is considered the birthplace of the Dada movement. Important Dada artists attended Cabaret Voltaire including Tristan Tzara, Jean Arp, and Marcel Janco. In 1918 Tzara published a second Dada Manifesto that further discussed the ideas presented in Ball's manifesto, and went into more detail about the philosophy behind Dadaism.